Articles
The Relationship of Cultural Intelligence and Global Citizenship Levels of Preservice Teachers in the Philippines
Abstract
With the global developments, educational institutions play a vital role in fostering cultural intelligence and global citizenship among individuals, including preservice teachers. Despite the plethora of research on cultural intelligence and global citizenship in higher education abroad, little is known about these in the Philippines, let alone their correlation. Employing a quantitative descriptive correlational design, this study investigated the relationship between cultural intelligence and global citizenship levels of 316 Philippine preservice teachers using the Cultural Intelligence and Global Citizenship Scales. The results revealed that although their cognitive cultural intelligence necessitates further development, the preservice teachers are highly competent and confident in communicating and functioning effectively in multicultural contexts. However, they exhibit limited global citizenship attributes, particularly in social responsibility. Most ethnic groups they represented were also identified to have high cultural intelligence and average global citizenship levels. Additionally, while the preservice teachers’ specialization, year level, and overseas experience did not play significant roles in their cultural intelligence levels, the study found their year level to be the lone variable that affected their global citizenship levels substantially. Overall, a positive correlation between cultural intelligence and global citizenship was identified. Aside from implications for strengthening internationalization strategies, recommendations for further investigations were discussed.
How to Cite
Biay, K. K., & Tenorio, A. (2024). The Relationship of Cultural Intelligence and Global Citizenship Levels of Preservice Teachers in the Philippines. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 11(3), 387–406. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijcer.2024.11.3.685
References
- Abo Elazm, H. M. E. (2021). Cultural intelligence and its relation to global citizenship among students of the Faculty of Education - Alexandria University, in light of some demographic variables. Mağallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-Tarbiyyaẗ, Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Iskandariyyaẗ, 31(2), 137–173. https://doi.org/10.21608/jealex.2021.185780
- Adarlo, G. M. (2020). Service-learning as global citizenship education: Acting locally on global challenges and concerns. IAFOR Journal of Education, 8(3), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.8.3.01
- Al-Ani, W. (2022). University students’ perception toward global citizenship’s knowledge, skills and values in the Sultanate of Oman. International Journal of Higher Education, 11(3), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v11n3p40
- Al-Jarrah, A. (2016). The cultural intelligence level among international students in Jordanian universities. Educational Research Quarterly, 39(3), 23–36. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1166750.pdf
- Alexander, K. C., Ingersoll, L. T., Calahan, C. A., Miller, M. L., Shields, C. G., Gipson, J. A., & Alexander, S. C. (2021). Evaluating an intensive program to increase cultural intelligence: A quasi-experimental design. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 33(1), 106–128. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v33i1.497
- Alicamen, D. B. L., & Becamon, A. M. K. M. (2022). Overseas teaching: The voice of Filipino early childhood education teachers in Singapore. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 30(4), 1473–1494. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.30.4.02
- Alshawi, A. A. H. (2023). Global citizenship skills among Qatar university students. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02216-6
- Añar, L. E., Petersen, R. J., & Villanca, A. (2017). The learning experiences of Filipino pre-service teachers in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) program of a Thai elementary school. Asia Pacific Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 14, 27-44. https://doi.org/10.57200/apjsbs.v14i0.101
- Ang, S., & Van Dyne, L. (2008). Conceptualization of cultural intelligence: Definition, distinctiveness, and nomological network. In Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (1st ed., pp. 3–15). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315703855
- Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), 100–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275267
- Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K., Templer, K., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 335–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x
- Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Tan, M. L. (2011). Cultural intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg & S. B. Kaufman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of intelligence (pp. 582–602). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977244
- Anthony, D., Miller, P. B., & Yarrish, K. K. (2014). An analysis of initial global citizenship in a liberal arts college in northeastern Pennsylvania. Journal of International Education Research, 10(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.19030/jier.v10i1.8346
- Arcillo, M. T. (2023). Experiences of the Filipino teachers in the Virgin Islands: A phenomenological theory development. International Journal of Science and Research, 12(2), 1560–1566. https://doi.org/10.21275/sr23226022624
- Atan, D. (2020). Cultural intelligence levels of pre-service teachers. Journal of Education and New Approaches, 3(1).
- Bal, N. G. (2022). Cultural intelligence of English language learners and their perceived strengths and weaknesses in intercultural communication. TESL-EJ, 26(4). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26102a3
- Balli, E. (2017). Cultural intelligence: Its relation with demographic variables and career decision of students. In O. Nejat Akfırat, D. F. Staub, & G. Yavaş (Eds.), Current debates in education (pp. 41–61). IJOPEC Publication. https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=M8pEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Barnatt, J., D’Souza, L. A., Gleeson, A. M., Viesca, K. M., & Wery, J. (2020). Intercultural competence in pre-service teacher candidates. International Journal of Educational Reform, 29(3), 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056787919896866
- Beneroso, D., & Alosaimi, N. (2020). Cultural intelligence of chemical engineering students: A demographics study. Education for Chemical Engineers, 32, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2020.05.003
- Brancu, L., Munteanu, V., & Golet, I. (2016). Understanding cultural intelligence factors among business students in Romania. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 221, 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.123
- Bulut, B. (2019). Correlation between global citizenship and sustainable development awareness levels of pre-service teachers. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 11(3), 279–293. https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2019.03.019
- Caingcoy, M. E., Lorenz, V. I. M., Ramirez, I. a. L., Libertad, C. D., Pabiona, R. G., Jr., & Mier, R. M. C. (2022). Assessing practice teachers’ culturally responsive teaching: The role of gender and degree programs in competence development. IAFOR Journal of Cultural Studies, 7(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.22492/ijcs.7.1.02
- Chen, S. (2010). Developing global citizenship: The effect of studying abroad. International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.18546/ijdegl.03.3.04
- Commission on Higher Education. (2016). Policy framework and strategies on the internationalization of Philippine higher education [Press release]. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/CMO-55-s.-2016.pdf
- Commission on Higher Education. (2017a). Policies, standards and guidelines for bachelor of elementary education (BEEd) [Press release]. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CMO-No.-74-s.-2017.pdf
- Commission on Higher Education. (2017b). Policies, standards and guidelines for bachelor of physical education (BPEd) [Press release]. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CMO-No.-80-s.-2017.pdf
- Commission on Higher Education. (2017c). Policies, standards and guidelines for bachelor of secondary education (BSEd) [Press release]. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CMO-No.-75-s.-2017.pdf
- Commission on Higher Education. (2017d). Policies, standards and guidelines for bachelor of special needs education (BSNEd) [Press release]. https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/CMO-No.-77-s.-2017.pdf
- Department of Education. (2017). National adoption and implementation of the Philippine standards for teachers [Press release]. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/DO_s2017_042-1.pdf
- Department of Education. (2019). Policy guidelines on the K to 12 basic education program [Press release]. https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DO_s2019_021.pdf
- Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual Interactions Across Cultures. Stanford University Press. https://books.google.com.ph/books?hl=en&lr=&id=g0PSkiOT8ggC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=earley+and+ang+2003&ots=OusrkB9iyd&sig=Iz9YiQ47RtpDw5FQGKepsh6rukE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=earley%20and%20ang%202003&f=false
- Fang, F., Schei, V., & Selart, M. (2018). Hype or hope? A new look at the research on cultural intelligence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 66, 148–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.04.002
- Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. University of California Press. https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=x2bf4g9Z6ZwC&pg=PR3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Gökten, Ö., & Emil, S. (2019). Exploring the effect of Erasmus program on cultural intelligence of university students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.16986/huje.2018045609
- Jacobsen, R., & Linkow, T. W. (2012). The engaged citizen index: Examining the racial and ethnic civic and political engagement gaps of young adults. CIRCLE working paper #74. CIRCLE (the Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning Engagement). https://circle.tufts.edu/sites/default/files/2020-01/WP74_EngagedCitizenIndex_2012.pdf
- Karataş, K., & Arpaci, I. (2022). The mediating role of cultural intelligence in the relationship between social justice and global citizenship. Critical Questions in Education, 13(1), 25–39.
- Karatekin, K., & Taban, M. H. (2018). Global citizenship levels of Polish university students and Turkish Erasmus students in Poland. Acta Didactica Napocensia, 11(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.24193/adn.11.1.4
- Kaya, M. M. (2022). Teaching locally, acting globally: The effect of pre-service teachers’ cultural intelligence levels on their perceptions of global citizens. International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(4), 132–147. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.459.10
- Kayışoğlu, N. B. (2016). Investigation of global citizenship levels of pre-service physical education teachers. Educational Research and Reviews, 11(6), 299–306. https://doi.org/10.5897/err2015.2661
- Khodadady, E., & Ghahari, S. (2011). Validation of the Persian cultural intelligence scale and exploring its relationship with gender, education, travelling abroad and place of living. Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research, 11(7). https://profdoc.um.ac.ir/articles/a/1024316.pdf
- Kishino, H., & Takahashi, T. (2019). Global citizenship development: Effects of study abroad and other factors. Journal of International Students, 9(2), 535–559. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v9i2.390
- Lo, K. W. K., Kwan, K. P., Chan, S. C. F., & Ngai, G. (2016). Cross-cultural validation of the global citizenship scale for measuring impacts of international service-learning. Office of Service-Learning, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358438817_Cross-cultural_validation_of_the_Global_Citizenship_Scale_for_measuring_impacts_of_international_service-learning
- Mahasneh, A. M., Gazo, A. M., & Al-Adamat, O. A. (2019). Cultural intelligence of the Jordan teachers and university students from the Hashemite University: Comparative study. European Journal of Contemporary Education, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.13187/ejced.2019.2.303
- Massaro, V. R. (2022). Global citizenship development in higher education institutions: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Global Education and Research, 6(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.5038/2577-509x.6.1.1124
- McGaha, J. M., & Linder, S. M. (2014). Determining teacher candidates’ attitudes toward global-mindedness. Action in Teacher Education, 36(4), 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2014.948225
- Morais, D. B., & Ogden, A. C. (2011). Initial development and validation of the global citizenship scale. Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(5), 445–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315310375308
- Mugot, D. C., & Sumbalan, E. B. (2019). The 21st century learning skills and teaching practices of pre-service teachers: Implication to the new Philippine teacher education curriculum. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 2(1), 22–28. http://ijmrap.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/IJMRAP-V2N1P27Y19.pdf
- Nel, N., Nel, J. A., Adams, B. G., & De Beer, L. T. (2015). Assessing cultural intelligence, personality and identity amongst young white Afrikaans-speaking students: A preliminary study. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v13i1.643
- Ningrum, A. R. M. (2019). Cultural quotient in college students. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 304.
- Nurazizah, A. S., Muslim, A., & Setyarini, S. (2021). Cultivating intercultural communicative competence of pre-service English teachers in Southeast Asia (SEA Teacher Project). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211119.023
- Paras, P. (2020). Multicultural education and the politics of recognition in the Philippines: A critical review. Jurnal Kemanusiaan, 18(2). https://jurnalkemanusiaan.utm.my/index.php/kemanusiaan/article/view/405/333
- Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. (2017). Overseas employment statistics: Deployed OFW teachers by destination. https://www.dmw.gov.ph/archives/ofwstat/teachers/2017%20teachers.pdf
- Reysen, S., & Katzarska‐Miller, I. (2013). A model of global citizenship: Antecedents and outcomes. International Journal of Psychology, 48(5), 858–870. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.701749
- Ruales, S. T. P., Agirdag, O., & Van Petegem, W. (2020). Development and validation of the multicultural sensitivity scale for pre-service teachers. Multicultural Education Review, 12(3), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/2005615x.2020.1808926
- Ruales, S. T. P., Van Petegem, W., Tabudlong, J. M., & Agirdag, O. (2021). Increasing pre-service teachers’ multicultural sensitivity through online learning. Education and Information Technologies, 26(1), 165–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10247-8
- Şenel, M. (2020). Investigation of the cultural intelligence levels of the Turkish University students at foreign language departments. IJoLE (International Journal of Language Education). https://doi.org/10.26858/ijole.v4i3.14806
- Silvallana, D. F. V., & Suppiah, M. S. (2022). Unraveling cultural intelligence and its impact on perceived employability among undergraduate students in Philippines’ public universities. In Advances in economics, business and management research (pp. 409–415). https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-008-4_51
- Somosot, I. S. (2020). 21st century skills and readiness of preservice teachers towards practice teaching program. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 8(2).
- Sousa, M., Fontão, E., Machado, I., Lopes, I. C., Rodrigues, J. A., & De Freitas, C. A. O. (2023). Assessing cultural intelligence and its antecedents in the Portuguese higher education context. Education Sciences, 13(6), 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13060546
- Temel, C. (2016). A study of global citizenship levels of Turkish university students according to different variables youth camp leaders sample. Educational Research Review, 11(17), 1689–1695. https://doi.org/10.5897/err2016.2972
- Thanosawan, P., & Laws, K. (2013). Global citizenship: differing perceptions within two Thai higher education institutions. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080x.2013.786861
- Tique, R. C. (2023). Experiences of student teachers in Thailand: A pre-service teacher training encounter. Journal of Ultimate Research and Trends in Education, 5(2), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.31849/utamax.v5i2.13969
- Trimble, J. E., & Dickson, R. (2005). Ethnic identity. In C. B. Fisher & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Encyclopedia of applied developmental science (Vol. 1, pp. 415–419). Sage Publications. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236844509_Ethnic_identity
- Ulukaya Öteleş, Ü. (2023). The correlation between media literacy and global citizenship skills of pre-service social studies teachers. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching (IOJET), 10(2), 690–712. https://www.iojet.org/index.php/IOJET/article/view/1832
- United Nations. (n.d.). Goal 4: Quality education. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/education/
- United Nations Development Program. (2013). Fast facts: Indigenous peoples in the Philippines. https://www.undp.org/philippines/publications/fast-facts-indigenous-peoples-philippines
- Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Koh, C. (2008). Development and Validation of the CQS: The Cultural Intelligence Scale. In Handbook of Cultural Intelligence: Theory, Measurement, and Applications (1st ed., pp. 16–38). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315703855
- Wujiabudula, A., & Karatepe, Ç. (2020). A study of pre-service ELT teachers’ cultural intelligence and its relationship with metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral cultural intelligence. European Journal of Applied Linguistics Studies, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejals.v3i1.203
- Wynveen, C. J., Kyle, G. T., & Tarrant, M. A. (2012). Study abroad experiences and global citizenship: Fostering pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Studies in International Education, 16(4), 334–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315311426782
- Yüksel, A. (2022). The concepts of multiculturalism, global citizenship and cultural intelligence in terms of education. Iksad Publications. https://iksadyayinevi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/THE-CONCEPTS-OF-MULTICULTURALISM-GLOBAL-CITIZENSHIP-AND-CULTURAL-INTELLIGENCE-IN-TERMS-OF-EDUCATION.pdf
- Yüksel, A., & Ereş, F. (2018). The correlation between global citizenship perceptions and cultural intelligence levels of teachers. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(5), 1069–1076. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060528