An Examination of How Toxic Leadership Behaviours of School Principals Relate to Teachers' Perceived Stress


Abstract views: 336 / PDF downloads: 273

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52380/ijcer.2024.11.1.538

Keywords:

Stress, Toxic leadership, Toxic behaviour, Teacher, School principal

Abstract

The study examines how toxic leadership behaviours of school principals relate to teachers' perceived stress. It is a correlational survey model, and the sample consists of 278 primary and secondary school teachers. We collected the data with the Perceived Stress Scale and Toxic Leadership Scale. The findings show that gender does not cause a statistical difference in perceived stress and all dimensions of toxic leadership. Stress levels of branch teachers are higher than those of primary school teachers, with a statistically significant difference. The perception of branch teachers in ignorance, self-interest, and negative mental state of toxic leadership is significantly higher than classroom teachers. A moderately significant positive relationship exists between teachers' perceptions of stress and all dimensions of toxic leadership. 20% of teachers' perceptions of stress are explained by toxic leadership. The negative mental state of school principals is a significant predictor of teachers' perceptions of stress.

References

Alıcı, B., & Yalçınkaya, M. (2019). Investigation of the teachers’ job satisfaction, organizational commitment according to stress levels. Folklore/Literature, 5(97), 239-255. http://doi: 10.22559/folklor.939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22559/folklor.939

Altınok, V. (2009). Job stress’ impact on the elementary school teachers. Gazi University Gazi Faculty of Education Journal, 29(2), 513-532.

Arıcan, K. (2011). The sources of organizational stress. Journal of Education and Humanities: Theory and Practice, 2(4), 55-76.

Aslan, M., & Ağıroğlu-Bakır, A. (2018). Organizational stress sources of classroom teachers. Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education, 7(4), 349–365. http://dx.doi.org/10.30703/cije.430748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.430748

Austin, V., Shah, S., & Muncer, S. (2005). Teacher stress and coping strategies used to reduce stress. Occupational Therapy International, 12(2), 63-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/oti.16

Aydın, İ. (2016). Stress at work. Ankara: Pegem.

Bahadır, E., & Kahveci, G. (2020). Examining the relationship between the psychological capital levels of teachers and toxic leadership behaviours of school principals. Inonu University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 21(2), 858-879. http://doi: 10.17679/inuefd.526845 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.526845

Bakan, İ., Yılmaz, S., & Olucak, H. İ. (2020). Study on the effect of employees perceptions of toxic leadership dimensions on their levels of stress dimensions. Journal of Management and Economics, 27(3), 557-572.

Bakır, M. (2022). The relationship between school principals' toxic leadership behavior levels and teachers' organizational happiness. (Master’s thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Baltaş, A., & Baltaş, Z. (2017). Stress and ways to cope. Ankara: Remzi Kitabevi.

Baron, R. A., & Greenberg, J. (1990). Behaviour in organizations: Understanding and managing the human side of work (3rd Edition). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication.

Bayramoğlu, G., Uysal, E., & Kark, A. (2020). The mediating role of affective commitment in the effect of teachers' perceived organisational stress on job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 115-137.

Bottiani, J. H., Duran, C. A. K., Pas, E. T., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2019). Teacher stress and burnout in urban middle schools: Associations with job demands, resources, and effective classroom practices. Journal of School Psychology 77, 36–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2019.10.002

Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K, Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2012). Scientific research methods (12. Edition). Ankara: Pegem.

Cherrington, D. J. (1989). Organizational behaviour: The management of individual and organizational performance. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.

Choi, S. E. & Kim, S. D. (2016). A meta-analysis of the variables related to job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Contemporary nurse, 52(4), 462-476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2016.1221736

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Cohen, S., Kamarck T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404

Çelebi, N., Güner, H., & Yıldız, V. (2015). Development of toxic leadership scale. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 4(1),249-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14686/BUEFAD.2015111056

Çetinkaya, H., & Ordu, A. (2018). The relationship between the toxic leadership behaviours of school principals and the level of burnout of teachers. Pamukkale University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 31, 15-27.

Çolak, G. (2019). Examining the relationship between teachers' self-efficacy perceptions and job stress. (Master’s thesis, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Dinç, Ü., & Cemaloğlu, N. (2018). Examining relationship between primary school administrators’ humor style and teachers’ percieved stress level according to some variables. Turkish Journal of Educational Studies, 5(2), 1-37. http://doi: 10.33907/turkjes.397171 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33907/turkjes.397171

Demirel, N. (2015). The relationship between school principals' toxic leadership behaviours and teachers' organisational cynicism attitudes according to teachers' perceptions (The case of Gaziantep Şehitkâmil district). (Master’s thesis, Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Demirtaş, Z., & Küçük, Ö. (2019). Relationship between school principals’ toxic leadership behaviors and teachers’ organizational silence. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 47, 41-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9779/pauefd.489747

Dobbs, J. M. (2014). The relationship between perceived toxic leadership styles, leader effectiveness, and organizational cynicism (Doctoral Dissertation, San Diego University). Retrieved from https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1859&context=dissertations

Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F., & Dereboy, Ç. (2013). The adaptation of the Perceived Stress Scale into Turkish: A reliability and validity analysis. New Symposium Journal, 51(3), 132-140.

Green, J. E. (2014). Toxic leadership in educational organizations. Education Leadership Review, 15(1), 18-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12806/V1/I2/RF2

Gök, G. (2023). Multifaceted analysis of leadership and toxic leadership in health care. Iksad Publications.

Göksoy, S., Arıcan, K., & Eriş, H. M. (2015). Stress levels of teachers working in primary schools with unified classrooms. Asian Journal of Teaching, 3(1), 92-106.

Harms, P.D., Credé, M., Tynan, M., Leon, M., & Jeung, W. (2016). Leadership and stress: A meta-analytic review. The Leadership Quarterly, 28, 178–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.10.006

Hadadian, Z., & Zarei, J. (2016). Relationship between toxic leadership and job stress of knowledge workers. Studies in Business and Economics, 11(3), 84-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/sbe-2016-0037

Herman, K. C., Hickmon-Rosa, J. E., & Reinke, W. M. (2018). Empirically derived profiles of teacher stress, burnout, self-efficacy, and coping and associated student outcomes. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 20, 90-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300717732066

Hu, B. Y., Li, Y., Wang, C., & Reynolds, B. L. (2019) The relation between school climate and preschool teacher stress, the mediating role of teachers’ self-efficacy. Journal of Educational Administration, 57(6), 748-767. http://doi 10.1108/JEA-08-2018-0146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-08-2018-0146

İlhan, H. (2019). The relationship between school principals' toxic leadership behaviors and teachers' organizational commitment. (Master’s thesis, Karabük University, Karabük Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

İlhan, H., & Çelebi, N. (2021). The relationship between school principals' toxic leadership behaviors and teachers' organizational commitment. Journal of Education and Human Sciences, 12(23), 201-223.

Ji, Y., Wang, D., & Riedl, M. (2021). Analysis of the correlation between occupational stress and mental health of primary and secondary school teachers. Work, 69, 599–611. http://doi10.3233/WOR-213502 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-213502

Kahveci, G., Bahadır, E., & Karagül Kandemir, İ. (2019). An examination of the relationship between toxic leadership behaviors of school administrators and teachers' organizational commitment. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 52(1), 225-249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.420616

Kaplan, V. (2021). Investigation of teachers' psychological capital and organisational stress sources according to some variables. Erciyes Academy, 35(1), 111-136.

Karadavut, Y. (2005). Primary school teachers' organisational stress sources, stress symptoms and ways of coping with stress. (Master’s thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Karlı, B. (2022). Teachers' views on toxic leadership behaviours of school principals. (Master’s thesis, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, İstanbul, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Kaya, C. (2019). An investigation of teachers’ stress sources and stress coping styles (Master’s thesis, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Khairani, Y., Marjohan, M., & Ahmad, R. (2021). The differences of work stress on teachers based on demographic factors. International Journal of Applied Counseling and Social Sciences, 3(1), 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/005443ijaccs

Kırbaç, M. (2013). Toxic leadership in educational organisations. (Master’s thesis, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Küçük, Ö. (2020). The mediating effect of organisational cynicism and psychological capital on the relationship between school principals' toxic leadership behaviours and school effectiveness. (Doctoral dissertation, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey). Retrieved from https:// tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Küçük, Ö., & Demirtaş, Z. (2021). The intermediary effect of psychological capital on the relationship between toxic leadership behaviors of school administrators and school effectiveness. The Journal of Educational Reflections, 5(1), 1-13.

Kyriacou, C. (2001). Teacher Stress: directions for future research. Educational Review, 53(1), 27-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131910124115

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. NY: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.

Lipman-Blumen, J. (2005). The allure of toxic leaders: Why we follow destructive bosses and corrupt politicians – and how we can survive them. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195166347.001.0001

Luthans, F. (2008). Organizational behaviour. (11th Edition). McGraw-Hill International.

Mammadova, L. (2021). The relationship between teachers' perceptions of school administrators' toxic leadership behaviours and their performance. (Master’s thesis, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Moğul, E. (2017). Comparative analysis of organisational stress sources of secondary school teachers working in private and public schools (The case of Istanbul province). (Master’s thesis, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, İstanbul, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Nufer, S. (2012). The effects of locus of control and leader-member exchange predictors of stress and burnout in the workplace (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of The Chicago School of Professional Psychology). Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/docview/1022232715?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e589482013-001

Özbaş, F. (2019). Examining the relationship between teachers' organisational stress sources, stress symptoms and job satisfaction. (Master’s thesis, Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Özgenel, M., & Canuylası, E. M. (2021). The effect of destructive leadership behaviors of school principals’ on organizational stress. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 10(3), 1652-1664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.735234

Özoğul, R. (2020). The relationship between family belonging and depression, anxiety and stress of teachers. (Master’s thesis, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, İstanbul, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2012). Organizational behaviour. (İ. Erdem, Trans. Edit.). Ankara: Nobel.

Reed, G. E. (2004). Toxic leadership. Military Review, JUL-AUG, 67-71.

Selye, H. (1973). The evolution of stress concept. American Scientist, 61(6), 692-699.

Schmidt, A. A. (2008). Development and validation of the Toxic Leadership Scale. (Master theses, Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland). Retrieved from https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/34c0937f-a731-495d-9876-c3d5d3a86c2d/content

Sirke, Ç. (2016). Organisational stress and organisational identification in private school teachers. (Master’s thesis, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Snow, N., Hickey, N., Blom, N., O’Mahony, L., Mannix-McNamara, P. (2021). An exploration of leadership in post-primary schools: The emergence of toxic leadership. Societies 11, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ soc11020054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11020054

Stavroula, L., Griffiths, A., & Cox, T. (2003). Work organisation and stress: Systematic problem approaches for employers, managers and trade union representatives. Protecting workers’ health series, No: 3. ISBN: 92 4 1590475. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241590475

Stoeber, J., & Rennert, D. (2008). Perfectionism in schoolteachers: Relations with stress appraisals, coping styles and burnout. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 21, 37-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800701742461 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701742461

Şanlı, Ö. (2017). Investigation of teachers' perceived stress levels in terms of various variables. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 16(61), 385- 396.

Şimşek, Ö., & Can, N. (2022). The effect of organisational stress on classroom teachers' job alienation levels. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(2) 575–589.

Tabachnick, L.S., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6th Ed.). Boston: Pearson.

Tekin, E., Yazgan-Çilesiz, Z., & Gede, S. (2019). A study on perceived stress levels and coping styles of employees in different occupational groups. Ordu University Journal of Social Sciences Research, 9(1), 79-89.

Tepe, N., & Yılmaz, G. (2020). Toxic leadership behaviours of school administrators as a predictor of teachers' perceptions of school climate. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(25), 3360-3381.

Tipi, B. (2020). The effect of job stress on job satisfaction and job alienation among teachers (Ankara Yenimahalle district case). (Master’s thesis, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Turhan, M., Erol, Y. C., Demirkol, M., & Özdemir, T. Y. (2018). The relationship between organisational commitment, job satisfaction and job stress. Turkish Studies Educational Sciences, 13(27), 1491-1507.

Viner, R. (1999). Putting stres in life: Hans Selye and the making of Stress Theory. Social Studies of Science, 29(3), 391-410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/030631299029003003

Yolbakan, E. (2019). The relationship between organisational stress levels and professional performance of teachers working in private schools (The case of Efeler district of Aydın province). (Master’s thesis, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/

Zhang, Q., & Zhu, W. (2007). Teacher stress, burnout, and social support in Chinese secondary education. Human Communication Research, 10, 487–496.

Wilson-Starks, K. Y. (2003). Toxic leadership. Ceo Transleadership, Inc., 1-4.

Downloads

Published

25.03.2024

How to Cite

Balaban , F., & Kazancı-Tınmaz, A. (2024). An Examination of How Toxic Leadership Behaviours of School Principals Relate to Teachers’ Perceived Stress. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 11(1), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijcer.2024.11.1.538

Issue

Section

Articles