Development and Validation of the Online Antisocial Personality Scale (OAPS) Using the DSM-5 Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)
Abstract views: 233
/ 
PDF downloads: 147
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52380/ijcer.2024.11.2.641Keywords:
Antisocial personality, antisocial personality disorder, online antisocial behavior, online antisocial personalityAbstract
Recent studies have consistently demonstrated that antisocial behaviors occur in online environments. Although online antisocial behavior has a long history, it appears to have become more widespread in recent years due to the widespread use of online social networks. Although there are established criteria and instruments assessing antisocial behavior there are few examining such behavior online. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop the Online Antisocial Personality Scale (OAPS). The OAPS was developed using the diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder in DSM-5. The OAPS assesses antisocial behavior in online environments. The present study comprised 447 adolescents (219 girls and 228 boys) from four different samples. The measures used included the Online Antisocial Personality Scale (OAPS), E-Bullyıng Scale (E-BS), and Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form (PBQ-STF). The structural validity of OAPS was investigated with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and criterion validity. When validity and reliability analysis of the OAPS are considered as a whole, it is concluded that the OAPS is a valid and reliable scale that assesses online antisocial personality among adolescents.
References
References
Allen, K. P. (2012). Off the radar and ubiquitous: text messaging and its relationship to “drama” and cyberbullying in an affluent, academically rigorous US high school. Journal of Youth Studies, 15(1), 99-117. doi:10.1080/13676261.2011.630994.
Almuhanna, N. (2017). Social media acceptance and use under risk: a cross-cultural study of the impact of antisocial behaviour on the use of Twitter. Doctoral thesis, University of Southampton.
Álvarez-García, D., Núñez, J. C., García, T., & Barreiro-Collazo, A. (2018). Individual, family, and community predictors of cyber-aggression among adolescents. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context 10(2), 79-88 doi: 10.5093/ejpalc2018a8
American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (fifth edition). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (fifth edition). Translation, Köroğlu, E. (2014). Ankara: HBY Yayıncılık.
Ang, R. P., Tan, K.-A., & Talib Mansor, A. (2010). Normative beliefs about aggression as a mediator of narcissistic exploitativeness and cyberbullying. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(13), 2619-2634. doi:10.1177/0886260510388286.
Arıcak, O. T., Kınay, H., & Tanrıkulu, T. (2012). Siber Zorbalık Ölçeğinin ilk psikometrik bulguları. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1), 101-114.
Barber, R. (2001). Hackers profiled-who are they and what are their motivations? Computer Fraud & Security, 2001(2), 14-17.
Beck, A. T., Beck, J. S. (1991). The Personality Belief Questionnaire (unpublished assessment instrument). Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania: The Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research.
Beran, T. N., Rinaldi, C., Bickham, D. S., & Rich, M. (2012). Evidence for the need to support adolescents dealing with harassment and cyber-harassment: Prevalence, progression, and impact. School Psychology International, 33(5), 562–576. doi:10.1177/0143034312446976.
Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research 32(3), 265-277. doi:10.2190/8yqm-b04h-pg4d-bllh.
Brewer, G., & Kerslake, J. (2015). Cyberbullying, self-esteem, empathy and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 255-260. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.073.
Brighi, A., Ortega, R., Pyzalski, J., Scheithauer, H., Smith, P. K., Tsormpatzoudis, V., & Barkoukis, V. (2012). European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnarie (ECIPQ). University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97-102. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016.
Burnap, P., & Williams, M. L. (2016). Us and them: Identifying cyber hate on Twitter across multiple protected characteristics. EPJ Data Science, 5(1), 5-11. doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0072-6.
Buyukozturk, Ş. (2010). Manual of data analysis for social sciences. (In Turkish). Ankara: Pegem Publishing.
Calvete, E., Orue, I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1128–1135. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.017.
Cao, B., & Lin, W.-Y. (2015). How do victims react to cyberbullying on social networking sites? The influence of previous cyberbullying victimization experiences. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 458-465. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.009.
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., & Newell, A. (2017). The psychology of human-computer interaction. New York: CRC Press.
Cheng, J., Bernstein, M., Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., & Leskovec, J. (2017). Anyone can become a troll: Causes of trolling behavior in online discussions. CSCW: proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 2017, 1217-1230.
Cheng, J., Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, C., & Leskovec, J. (2015). Antisocial behavior in online discussion communities. Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media.
Cokluk, Ö., Sekercioglu, G., & Buyukozturk, Ş. (2012). Multivariate SPSS and LISREL applications for social sciences. (In Turkish). Ankara: Pegem Publishing.
Coyne, I., Chesney, T., Logan, B., & Madden, N. (2009). Griefing in a virtual community: An exploratory survey of second life residents. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 214-221. doi:10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.214.
Craker, N., & March, E. (2016). The dark side of Facebook®: The Dark Tetrad, negative social potency, and trolling behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 79-84. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.043.
Dağ, İ. (2005). Reliability and validity in psychological tests and scales. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi, 13(4), 17–23.
Davis, J. P. (2002). The experience of ‘bad’behavior in online social spaces: A survey of online users. US: Social Computing Group, Microsoft Research.
Dehue, F. (2012). Cyberbullying research: New perspectives and alternative methodologies. Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23(1), 1-6. doi:10.1002/casp.2139.
Del Rey, R., Casas, J. A., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Smith, P., … Plichta, P. (2015). Structural validation and cross-cultural robustness of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 141-147. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.065
Den Hamer, A., Konijn, E. A., & Keijer, M. G. (2014). Cyberbullying behavior and adolescents' use of media with antisocial content: A cyclic process model. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(2), 74-81. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0307
Erdur-Baker, Ö. (2009). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media & Society, 12(1), 109-125. doi:10.1177/1461444809341260.
Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Vranjes, I., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2016). Nice or naughty? The role of emotions and digital media use in explaining adolescents’ online prosocial and antisocial behavior. Media Psychology, 20(3), 374-400. doi:10.1080/15213269.2016.1200990.
Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Vranjes, I., Baillien, E., & De Witte, H. (2018). Development of a measure of adolescents’ online prosocial behavior. Journal of Children and Media, 1-17. doi:10.1080/17482798.2018.1431558.
Fanti, K. A., Demetriou, A. G., & Hawa, V. V. (2012). A longitudinal study of cyberbullying: Examining risk and protective factors. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2), 168-181. doi:10.1080/17405629.2011.643169.
Gençdoğan, B., & Çikrıkci, Ö. (2015). Reliability and validity studies of the Turkish version of the E-Bullying Scale (E-BS) and E-Victimization Scale (E-VS). Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 11(1), 359-373.
Goodboy, A. K., & Martin, M. M. (2015). The personality profile of a cyberbully: Examining the Dark Triad. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 1-4. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.052.
Gradinger, P., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2009). Traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Identification of risk groups for adjustment problems. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 205–213. doi:10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.205
Hardaker, C. (2010). Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions. Journal of Politeness Research, 6(2), 215-242. doi:10.1515/jplr.2010.011.
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29(2), 129-156. doi:10.1080/01639620701457816.
Hwang, J., Lee, H., Kim, K., Zo, H., & Ciganek, A. P. (2016). Cyber neutralisation and flaming. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(3), 210-224. doi:10.1080/0144929x.2015.1135191.
Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. USA and Canada: Rutledge.
König, A., Gollwitzer, M., & Steffgen, G. (2010). Cyberbullying as an act of revenge? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20, 210-224. doi:10.1375/ajgc.20.2.210.
Köse, S., Sayar, K., Ak, I., Aydin, N., Kalelioǧlu, Ü., Kirpinar, I., ... & Cloninger, C. R. (2004). Turkish version of the TCI: Reliability, validity, and factorial structure. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14(3), 107-131.
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073-1137. doi:10.1037/a0035618.
Kumar, S., Cheng, J., & Leskovec, J. (2017). Antisocial behavior on the Web: Characterization and detection. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion (pp. 947-950). Perth, Australia: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee.
Ladanyi, J., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2017). The development and validation of the Grief Play Scale (GPS) in MMORPGs. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 125-133. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.062.
Lam, L. T., & Li, Y. (2013). The validation of the E-Victimisation Scale (E-VS) and the E- Bullying Scale (E-BS) for adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 3-7. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.021.
Lee, S.-H., & Kim, H.-W. (2015). Why people post benevolent and malicious comments online. Communications of the ACM, 58(11), 74-79. doi:10.1145/2739042.
Li, Q. (2010). Cyberbullying in high schools: A study of students' behaviors and beliefs about this phenomenon. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19, 372-392. doi:10.1080/10926771003788979.
Liu, P., Guberman, J., Hemphill, L., & Culotta, A. (2018). Forecasting the presence and intensity of hostility on Instagram using linguistic and social features. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.06759.
Ménard, K. S., & Pincus, A. L. (2011). Predicting overt and cyber stalking perpetration by male and female college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(11), 2183-2207. doi:10.1177/0886260511432144.
Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., & Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully-victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 63-70. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.032.
Modecki, K. L., Barber, B. L., & Vernon, L. (2012). Mapping developmental precursors of cyber-aggression: Trajectories of risk predict perpetration and victimization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 651-661. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9887-z.
Nicol, A., & Fleming, M. J. (2010). “i h8 u”: The Influence of normative beliefs and hostile response selection in predicting adolescents' mobile phone aggression – A pilot study. Journal of School Violence, 9(2), 212-231. doi:10.1080/15388220903585861.
Nicol, S. (2012). Cyber-bullying and trolling. Youth Studies Australia, 31(4), 3-4.
Ortega, R., Elipe, P., Mora-Merchán, J. A., Calmaestra, J., & Vega, E. (2009). The emotional impact on victims of traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 197–204. doi:10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.197.
Owen, T. (2016). Cyber-violence: Towards a predictive model, drawing upon genetics, psychology and neuroscience. International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, 9(1), 1-11.
O’Neill, B., & Dinh, T. (2015). Mobile technologies and the incidence of cyberbullying in seven European countries: Findings from Net Children Go Mobile. Societies, 5(2), 384–398. doi:10.3390/soc5020384
Park, S., Na, E., & Kim, E. (2014). The relationship between online activities, netiquette and cyberbullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 42, 74-81. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.04.002.
Paullet, K. L. (2010). An exploratory study of cyberstalking: Students and law enforcement in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Doctoral thesis, Robert Morris University.
Peterson, J., & Densley, J. (2017). Cyber violence: What do we know and where do we go from here? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 193-200. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.012.
Pornari, C. D., & Wood, J. (2010). Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: The role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 36(2), 81-94. doi:10.1002/ab.20336.
Reyns, B. W. (2012). The anti-social network: Cyberstalking victimization among college students. LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC, 55(4), 340-341
Runions, K., Shapka, J. D., Dooley, J., & Modecki, K. (2013). Cyber-aggression and victimization and social information processing: Integrating the medium and the message. Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 9-26. doi:10.1037/a0030511.
Şahin, N. H., & Şahin, N. (1992). How dysfunctional are the dysfunctional attitudes in another culture? British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65(1), 17-26. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1992.tb01680.x.
Savci, M., & Aysan, F. (2019). A hypothetical model proposal for social connectedness in adolescents. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 9(54), 589-621.
Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Göbel, K., Scheithauer, H., Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Tsorbatzoudis, H., … Smith, P. K. (2015). A comparison of classification approaches for cyberbullying and traditional bullying using data from six European countries. Journal of School Violence, 14(1), 47-65. doi:10.1080/1538 8220.2014.961067
Seigfried-Spellar, K. C., Villacís-Vukadinović, N., & Lynam, D. R. (2017). Computer criminal behavior is related to psychopathy and other antisocial behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice, 51, 67-73. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.06.003.
Sest, N., & March, E. (2017). Constructing the cyber-troll: Psychopathy, sadism, and empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 69-72. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.038.
Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147-154. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376-385. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x.
Sourander, A., Klomek, A. B., Ikonen, M., Lindroos, J., Luntamo, T., Koskelainen, M., ... Henenius, H. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 720–728. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (sixth edition). New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Taymur, İ., Türkçapar, M. H., Örsel, S., Sargın, E., & Akkoyunlu, S. (2011). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Personality Belief Questionnaire-Short Form (PBQ-STF) in the university students. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 14(4), 199-209.
Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277-287. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.014.
Van Geel, M., Goemans, A., Toprak, F., & Vedder, P. (2017). Which personality traits are related to traditional bullying and cyberbullying? A study with the Big Five, Dark Triad and sadism. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 231–235. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.063.
Wright, M. F. (2015). Cyber aggression within adolescents’ romantic relationships: Linkages to parental and partner attachment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(1), 37-47. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0147-2.
Wright, M. F., & Li, Y. (2013). The association between cyber victimization and subsequent cyber aggression: The moderating effect of peer rejection. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 662-674. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9903-3.
Xu, J.-M., Zhu, X., & Bellmore, A. (2012). Fast learning for sentiment analysis on bullying. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Issues of Sentiment Discovery and Opinion Mining - WISDOM ’12, (pp. 1-6). New York: ACM. doi:10.1145/2346676.2346686.
Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2007). Prevalence and frequency of internet harassment instigation: Implications for adolescent health. Journal of Adolescent Health 41, 189- 195. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.03.005.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Mark Griffiths, Mustafa Savci, Hale Savci
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
