The Mediating Role of Initiative Climate on the Relationship between Distributed Leadership and Organizational Resilience in Schools
Abstract views: 360 / PDF downloads: 112
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.829411Keywords:
Distributed Leadership, Initiative Climate, Organizational ResilienceAbstract
This study investigated the mediating role of initiative climate on the relationship between distributed leadership and organizational resilience in schools. The study employed a cross-sectional design following quantitative methods. The sample consisted of 310 teachers recruited from different cities located in seven geographical regions of Turkey in 2020-2021 academic year using convenience sampling. Data were collected online (Google Forms) using the Distributed Leadership Inventory, Personal Initiative Scale, and Organizational Resilience Scale, all of which had acceptable validity and reliability. Participants “agreed” with initiative climate and organizational resilience in schools and school principals’ distributed leadership behaviors. There were positive correlations between the variables. The results showed that distributed leadership (leadership coherence and leadership functions) fosters initiative climate and organizational resilience in schools. Initiative climate also contributes to organizational resilience in schools. Lastly, it can be said that distributed leadership has a significant effect on schools’ resilience through initiative climate.
References
Akdemir, Ö. A., & Ayık, A. (2017). The impact of distributed leadership behaviors of school principals on the organizational commitment of teachers. Universal Journal of Educational Research 5(12B), 18-26. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2017.051402
Al-Harthi, A. S. A., & Al-Mahdy, Y. F. H. (2017). Distributed leadership and school effectiveness in Egypt and Oman: An exploratory study. International Journal of Educational Management, 31(6), 801-813. doi: 10.1108/IJEM-05-2016-0132
Andersson, T., Cäker, M., Tengblad, S., & Wickelgren, M. (2019). Building traits for organizational resilience through balancing organizational structures. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 35(1), 36-45. doi: 10.1016/j.scaman.2019.01.001
Annarelli, A., & Nonino, F. (2016). Strategic and operational management of organizational resilience: Current state of research and future directions. Omega, 62, 1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.omega.2015.08.004
Arabacı, İ. B., Karabatak, S., & Polat, H. (2016). Ortaöğretim okulu yöneticilerinin dağıtımcı liderlik rollerine ilişkin öğretmen algıları [The perceptions of teachers on secondary school administrators’ distributional leadership roles] . Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi [Kastamonu Education Journal], 24(3), 1015-1032.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2019). IBM SPSS Amos 20 user’s guide. New York: IBM Corporation.
Arslan, M., & Ağıroğlu Bakır, A. (2014). Resmi ve özel okul öğretmenlerinin paylaşılan liderliğe ilişkin görüşleri [Public and private school teachers’ opinions about distributed leadership]. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi [İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education], 15(1), 117-142. doi: 10.17679/iuefd.75431
Aslan, M., & Ağıroğlu Bakır, A. (2015). Okul örgütlerinde paylaşılan liderlik ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [The validity and reliability studies of distributed leadership scale for school organizations]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi [Educational Administration: Theory and Practice], 21(1), 1-24. doi: 10.14527/kuey.2015.001
Back, J., Ross, A. J., Duncan, M. D., Jaye, P., Henderson, K., & Anderson, J. E. (2017). Emergency department escalation in theory and practice: A mixed-methods study using a model of organizational resilience. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 70(5), 659-671. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.04.032
Baloğlu, N. (2011). Dağıtımcı liderlik uygulamaları: Eklektik bir tasarım çalışması [An eclectic design study on implementations of distributed leadership]. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi [Ahi Evran University Kırşehir Faculty of Education Journal], 12(4), 163-181.
Baloğlu, N. (2012). Değerler temelli liderlik ile dağıtımcı liderlik arasındaki ilişkiler: Okul müdürünün davranışını değerlendirmeye dönük nedensel bir araştırma [Relations between value-based leadership and distributed leadership: A casual research on school principles’ behaviors]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri [Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice] , 12(2), 1367-1378.
Barasa, E., Mbau, R., & Gilson, L. (2018). What is resilience and how can it be nurtured? A systematic review of empirical literature on organizational resilience. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7(6), 491-503. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2018.06
Bektaş, F., Kılınç, A. Ç., & Gümüş, S. (2020). The effects of distributed leadership on teacher professional learning: Mediating roles of teacher trust in principal and teacher motivation. Educational Studies. doi: 10.1080/03055698.2020.1793301
Bellibaş, M. Ş., & Liu, Y. (2016). The effects of principals’ perceived instructional and distributed leadership practices on their perceptions of school climate. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 21(2), 226-244. doi: 10.1080/13603124.2016.1147608
Beycioğlu, K., Özer, N., & Uğurlu, C. T. (2012). Distributed leadership and organizational trust: The case of elementary schools. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 3316-3319. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.058
Binnewies, C., Ohly, S., & Sonnentag, S. (2007). Taking personal initiative and communicating about ideas: What is important for the creative process and for idea creativity? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 432-455. doi: 10.1080/13594320701514728
Bolden, R., Petrov, G., & Gosling, J. (2008). Distributed leadership in higher education: Rhetoric and reality. Educational Management, Administration and Leadership, 9, 257-277. doi: 10.1177/1741143208100301
Bush, T. (2016). School leadership and management in England: the paradox of simultaneous centralisation and decentralisation. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 1(1), 1-23.
Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. New York: Routledge.
Campos, F., Frese, M., Goldstein, M., Iacovone, L., Johnson, H. C., McKenzie, D., & Mensmann, M. (2017). Teaching personal initiative beats traditional training in boosting small business in West Africa. Science, 357(6357), 1287-1290. doi: 10.1126/science.aan5329
Cemaloğlu, N. (2019). Yönetimin PIN kodu [The PIN code of administration]. Ankara: PegemA Publishing.
Chewning, L. V., Lai, C. H., & Doerfel, M. L. (2013). Organizational resilience and using information and communication technologies to rebuild communication structures. Management Communication Quarterly, 27(2), 237-263. doi: 10.1177/0893318912465815
Clarkin-Phillips, J. (2009). Distributed Leadership: Utilising everyone’s strengths. Early Childhood Folio, 13, 22-26.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2005). Research methods in education. New York, London: Routledge.
Coutu, D. L. (2002). How resilience works. Harvard Business Review, 80(5), 46-56.
Day, C. (2014). Resilient principals in challenging schools: The courage and costs of conviction, Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 20(5), 638-654. doi: 10.1080/13540602.2014.937959
Day, C., & Hong, J. (2016). Influences on the capacities for emotional resilience of teachers in schools serving disadvantaged urban communities: Challenges of living on the edge. Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 115-125. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2016.05.015
DeMarco, A. L. (2018). The relationship between distributive leadership, school culture, and teacher self-efficacy at the middle school level. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Seton Hall University, New Jersey, the U. S. A.
Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2007). Personal initiative, commitment and affect at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80(4), 601-622. doi: 10.1348/096317906X171442
Dlamini, N. J. (2004). A critical analysis of the learning culture of resilient schools within rural communities in Mpumalanga. Unpublished master's thesis, University of South Africa, South Africa.
Duchek, S. (2020). Organizational resilience: A capability-based conceptualization. Business Research, 13, 215-246. doi: 10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7
Elmore, R. F. (2000). Building a new structure for school leadership. The Albert Shanker Instıtute.
Ertürk, R., & Sezgin-Nartgün, Ş. (2019). The relationship between teacher perceptions of distributed leadership and schools as learning organizations. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 6(2), 381-396. doi: 10.33200/ijcer.596918
Fay, D., & Frese, M. (1998). The nature of personal initiative: Self-starting orientation and proactivity. In annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Dallas, TX.
Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2000). Self-starting behaviour at work: Toward a theory of personal initiative. In J. Heckhausen (Ed.), Motivational Psychology of Human Development. Developing Motivation and Motivating Development (pp. 307-324). Amsterdam: Elservier.
Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2001). The concept of personal initiative: An overview of validity studies. Human performance. 14(1), 97-124. doi: 10.1207/ S15327043HUP1401_06
Fay, D., & Sonnentag, S. (2002). Rethinking the effects of stressors: A longitudinal study on personal initiative. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 221-234.
Fay, D., Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (1998). Stressors, innovation, and personal initiative: Are stressors always detrimental. In C. L. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of Organizational Stress. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Franklin, S. L. (2017). Exploring organızational factors that influence resilience and persistence among high school students of color. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California State University, the U. S. A.
Frese, M. (2001). Personal initiative (PI): The theoretical concept and empirical findings. In M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Work Motivation in the Context of a Globalizing Economy (pp. 99-110). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Frese, M. (Ed.). (2000). Success and failure of microbusiness owners in Africa: A new psychological approach. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997). The conception of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(2), 139-161.
Frese, M., Garst, H., & Fay, D. (2007). Making things happen: Reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and personal initiative in a four-wave longitudinal structural equation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1084-1102.
Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., & Zempel, J. (1996). Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 37-63.
Frese, M., Teng, E., & Wijnen, C. J. (1999). Helping to improve suggestion systems: Predictors of making suggestions in companies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(7), 1139-1155.
Gabriel, J. M. O. (2015). Organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and corporate resilience in the domestic aviation sector in Nigeria. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, River State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Glaub, M. E., Frese, M., Fischer, S., & Hoppe, M. (2014). Increasing personal initiative in small business managers or owners leads to entrepreneurial success: A theory-based controlled randomized field intervention for evidence-basedmanagement. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13(3), 354-379. doi: 10.5465/amle.2013.0234
Göksoy, S. (2015). Distributed leadership in educational institutions. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 3(4), 110-118. doi:10.11114/jets.v3i4.851
Grenda, J. P. (2011). Instances and principles of distributed leadership: A multiple case study of illinois middle school principals’ leadership practices. Unpublished doctoral dissertion, University of Illinois, the U.S.A.
Gronn, P. (2002). Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 423-451. doi: 10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00120-0
Gronn, P. (2010). Where to next for educational leadership? In The Principles of Educational Leadership and Management, T. Bush, L. Bell, and D. Middlewood (Eds.), 70-85. London: Sage.
Gümüş, S., Bellibaş, M. S., Esen, M., & Gümüş, E. (2018). A systematic review of studies on leadership models in educational research from 1980 to 2014. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(1), 25-48. doi: 10.1177/1741143216659296
Günsel, A., & Dodourova, M. (2018). Çift yönlü örgütler daha mı dayanıklı? Sağlık işletmeleri üstünde bir araştırma. International Journal of Tourism, Economics and Business Sciences (IJTEBS), 2(2), 07-12.
Haeussler, S. A. T. (2013). Emotional regulation and resilience in educational organisations: A case of German school teachers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, UK.
Hahn, V. C., Frese, M., Binnewies, C., & Schmitt, A. (2012). Happy and proactive? The role of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in business owners’ personal initiative. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(1), 97-114. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00490.x
Hair Jr., J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Essex: Pearson.
Hakanen, J. J., Perhoniemi, R., & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 78-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.003
Harris, A. (2004). Distributed leadership and school improvement. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32(1), 11-24. doi: 10.1177/1741143204039297
Harris, A. (2008). Distributed leadership: According to the evidence. Journal of Educational Administration, 46(2), 172-188. doi: 10.1108/09578230810863253
Harris, A. (2010). Distributed leadership: Current evidence and future directions. In The Principles of Educational Leadership and Management, T. Bush, L. Bell, and D. Middlewood (Eds.), 55-69. London: Sage.
Harris, A. (2011), Distributed leadership: Implications for the role of the principal. Journal of Management Development, 31(1), 7-17. doi: 10.1108/02621711211190961
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York: The Guilford Press.
Herrmann, D., & Felfe, J. (2014). Effects of leadership style, creativity technique and personal initiative on employee creativity. British Journal of Management, 25(2), 209-227. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2012.00849.x
Hong, J. Y. (2012). Why do some beginning teachers leave the school, and others stay? Understanding teacher resilience through psychological lenses. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 18(4), 417-440. doi: 10.1080/13540602.2012.696044
Hong, Y., Liao, H., Raub, S., & Han, J. H. (2016). What it takes to get proactive: An integrative multilevel model of the antecedents of personal initiative. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(5), 687-701.
Horne, J. F. (1997). The coming age of organizational resilience. Business Forum, 22(2/3), 24-28.
Horne, J. F., & Orr, J. (1998). Assessing behaviors that create resilient organizations. Employment Relations Today, 24, 29-39.
Huck, S. W. (2012). Reading statistics and research. Boston: Pearson Education.
Hulpia, H., Devos, G., & Rosseel, Y. (2009a) The relationship between the perception of distributed leadership in secondary schools and teachers' and teacher leaders' job satisfaction and organizational commitment. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 20(3), 291-237. doi: 10.1080/09243450902909840
Hulpia, H., Devos, G., & Rosseel, Y. (2009b). Development and validation of scores on the distributed leadership inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69(6), 1013-1034. doi: 10.1177/0013164409344490
Ishak, A. W., & Williams, E. A. (2018). A dynamic model of organizational resilience: Adaptive and anchored approaches. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 23(2), 180-196. doi: 10.1108/CCIJ-04-2017-0037
Jung, K. (2017). Sources of organizational resilience for sustainable communities: An institutional collective action perspective. Sustainability, 9(7), 1141. doi:10.3390/su9071141
Kantur, D., & İşeri-Say, A. (2015). Measuring organizational resilience: A scale development. Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 4(3), 456-472. doi: 10.17261/Pressacademia.2015313066
Karagöz, Y. (2016). SPSS ve AMOS 23 uygulamalı istatistiksel analizler [SPSS & AMOS 23 practical statistical analysis]. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
Karaköse, M. A. (2019). Liderlik tarzları, örgütsel dayanıklılık, örgütsel özümseme kapasitesi ve firma yenilikçiliği ilişkisi [Relationships between leadership styles, organizational resilience, organizational absorptive capacity and firm innovativeness]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
Kaya, C. (2015). Internal validity: A must in research designs. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(2), 111-118. doi:10.5897/ERR2014.1835
Kershner, B., & Mcquillan, P. (2016). Complex adaptive schools: Educational leadership and school change. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, 13(1), 4-29.
Kılınç, A. Ç., & Arslan, K. (2020). Paylaşılan liderlik [Distributed leadership]. K. Yılmaz (Ed.), Liderlik: Kuram-Araştırma-Uygulama [Leadership: Theory-Research-Practice] içinde (ss. 601-615). Ankara: PegemA Publishing.
Kim, Y. (2020). Organizational resilience and employee work-role performance after a crisis situation: Exploring the effects of organizational resilience on internal crisis communication. Journal of Public Relations Research, 32(1-2), 47-75. doi: 10.1080/1062726X.2020.1765368
Korkmaz, E., & Gündüz, H. B. (2011). İlköğretim okulu yöneticilerinin dağıtımcı liderlik davranışlarını gösterme düzeyleri [Indiceting levels of distributive leadership behaviours of primary school principals]. Kalem Eğitim ve İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi [KALEM Journal of Educational and Human Sciences], 1(1), 123-153.
Korkusuz, M. H., & Kutluk, E. (2015). Stratejik yönetim sürecinde krizler ve örgüt üzerindeki psikolojik etkileri [Crisis in strategıc management process and their psychological ımpacts on organizations]. Ufuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi [Ufuk University Journal of Social Sciences Institute], 4(7), 21-33.
Korumaz, M., & Tufan, M. (2020). Ortaokul yöneticilerinin kuantum liderlik davranışları ile öğretmenlerin inisiyatif alma düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [The relationship between quantum leadership behaviors of secondary school principals and teachers' level of taking initiative]. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi [Journal of Social Sciences of Mus Alparslan University], 8(3), 727-742. doi: 10.18506/anemon.629724
Kumbalı, H. Ç. (2018). Örgüt yapısına göre bilgi yönetimi ve örgütsel dayanıklılık ilişkisi [The relationship between knowledge management and organizational resilience in terms of organizational structure]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
Kuntz, J. R., Malinen, S., & Näswall, K. (2017). Employee resilience: Directions for resilience development. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 69(3), 223-242.
Kurt, T, Duyar İ, & Yakut, B. (2015). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel destek ve psikolojik güven algısı ile insiyatif almaları arasındaki ilişkiler [Relationships between teachers' perception of organizational support and psychological trust and their taking initiative]. 10. National Congress of Educational Administration (7-9 May), 359-360.
Lashway, L. (2003). Distributed leadership. Research Roundup, 19(4).
Lee, A. V., Vargo, J., & Seville, E. (2013). Developing a tool to measure and compare organizations’ resilience. Natural Hazards Review, 14(1), 29-41. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000075
Leithwood, K., Mascall, B.,Strauss, T., Sacks, R., Nadeem, M., & Yashkina, A. (2007). Distributing leadership to make schools smarter: Taking the ego out of the system. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 6(1), 37-67. doi: 10.1080/15700760601091267
Lengnick-Hall, C. A., & Beck, T. E. (2005). Adaptive fit versus robust transformation: How organizations respond to environmental change. Journal of Management, 31(5), 738-757. doi: 10.1177/0149206305279367
Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Beck, T. E., & Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (2011). Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 21(3), 243-255. doi: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.07.001
Limon, İ., & Sezgin-Nartgün, Ş. (2020). Investigation of teachers’ change fatigue level: Comparison by demographics. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi [Educational Administration: Theory and Practice], 26(2), 401-448 doi: 10.14527/kuey.2020.009
Linnenluecke, M. K. (2017). Resilience in business and management research: A review of influential publications and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 4-30. doi: 10.1111/ijmr.12076
Linnenluecke, M. K., & Griffiths, A. (2011). Assessing organizational resilience to climate and weather extremes: Complexities and methodological pathways. Climatic Change, 113(3-4), 933-947.
Lisbona, A., Palaci, F., Salanova, M., & Frese, M. (2018). The effects of work engagement and self-efficacy on personal initiative and performance. Psicothema, 30(1), 89-96. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2016.245
Liu, Y. (2020). Focusing on the practice of distributed leadership: The international evidence from the 2013 TALIS. Educational Administration Quarterly. doi: 0013161X20907128
Liu, Y., & Werblow, J. (2019). The operation of distributed leadership and the relationship with organizational commitment and job satisfaction of principals and teachers: A multi-level model and meta-analysis using the 2013 TALIS data. International Journal of Educational Research, 96, 41-55. doi: 10.1016/j.ijer.2019.05.005
Liu, Y., Bellibaş, M. Ş., & Gümüş, S. (2020). The effect of instructional leadership and distributed leadership on teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Mediating roles of supportive school culture and teacher collaboration. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. doi: 1741143220910438
Liu, Y., Bellibaş, M. Ş., & Printy, S. (2018). How school context and educator characteristics predict distributed leadership: A hierarchical structural equation model with 2013 TALIS data. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(3), 401-423. doi: 10.1177/1741143216665839
Louis, K. S., Mayrowetz, D., Murphy, J., & Smylie, M. (2013). Making sense of distributed leadership: How secondary school educators look at job redesign. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 1(1), 33-68. doi: 10.4471/ijelm.2013.02
MacBeath, J., Oduro, G., & Waterhouse, J. (2005). Distributed leadership: A developmental process. 18th International Congress for School Effectiveness and Improvement. Barcelona.
Mallak, L. (1998). Putting organizational resilience to work. Industrial Management/IIE, December issue, 1-9.
Mascall, B.,Leithwood, K., Straus, T., & Sacks, R. (2008). The relationship between distributed leadership and teachers' academic optimism. Journal of Educational Administration, 46(2), 214-228. doi:10.1108/09578230810863271
Menon, M. E. (2013). The link between distributed leadership and educational outcomes: An overview of research. International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation, 7(1), 213-217.
Miočević, M., O’Rourke, H. P., MacKinnon, D. P., & Brown, H.C.(2018). Statistical properties of four effect-size measures for mediation models. Behavioral Research, 50, 285-301. doi:10.3758/s13428-017-0870-1
Mirzaei, S., Falahzade, H., Mohammadinia, L., Nasiriani, K., Tafti, A. A. D., Rahaei, Z., & Amiri, H. R. (2020). Assessment of school resilience in disasters: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(15). doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_389_19
Murphy, J. (2005). Connecting teacher leadership and school improvement. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Corwin Press, Sage.
Sezgin-Nartgün, Ş., & Taşkın, S. (2017). Relationship between teacher views on levels of organizational support organizational identification and climate of initiative. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(11), 1940-1954. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2017.051110
Nilakant, V., Walker, B., van Heugen, K., Baird, R., & De Vries, H. (2014). Research note: Conceptualising adaptive resilience using grounded theory. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 39(1), 79-86.
O’Donovan, M. (2015). The challenges of distributing leadership in Irish post-primary schools. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 8(2), 243-266.
Özdemir, M. (2012). Dağıtımcı liderlik envanterinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları [Turkish adaptation of distributed leadership inventory: The validity and reliability studies]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi [Educational Administration: Theory and Practice], 18(4), 575-598.
Özmusul, M. (2017). We need resilient school leaders in the face of chaos and complexity. Education Reform Journal, 2(2), 17-25.
Öztürk, A. (2018). Sağlık sektöründe hizmet yenilikçiliğine dair yenilikçi eğilimler ile örgütsel dayanıklılık ilişkilerinin incelenmesi [A research on the relationship between innovative trends of service innovation and organizational resilience within health sector]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
Pal, R., Torstensson, H., & Mattila, H. (2014). Antecedents of organizational resilience in economic crises-an empirical study of Swedish textile and clothing SMEs. International Journal of Production Economics, 147, 410-428. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.02.031
Panahi, M. A. (2013). Distributed leadership in third sector organizations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Essay Assignment, University of Saskatchewan.
Paton, D., Smith, L., & Violanti, J. (2000). Disaster response: risk, vulnerability and resilience. Disaster Prevention and Management, 9(3), 173-180. doi: 10.1108/09653560010335068
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. California: Sage Publications.
Prada, M. J. (2007). Schools as resilient organizations: Supporting the mathematical resilience of latino eighth graders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, the U. S. A.
Prayag, G., Chowdhury, M., Spector, S., & Orchiston, C. (2018). Organizational resilience and financial performance. Annals of Tourism Research, 73, 193-196. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2018.06.006
Printy, S., & Liu, Y. (2020). Distributed leadership globally: The interactive nature of principal and teacher leadership in 32 countries. Educational Administration Quarterly. doi: 0013161X20926548
Riolli, L., & Savicki, V. (2003). Information system organizational resilience. Omega, 31(3), 227-233.
Ritchie, S. M. (2005). Distributed leadership practices in science education. In Kenneth Tobin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Science Education, New York: Greenwood.
Rudolph, J. W., & Repenning, N. P. (2002). Disaster dynamics: Understanding the role of quantity in organizational collapse. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(1), 1-30.
Rutherford, C. (2009). Distributed leadership and comprehensive school reform: Using the distributed perspective to investigate the distribution of teacher leadership. International Journal of Teacher Leadership, 2(2), 49-68.
Sahebjamnia, N., Torabi, S. A., & Mansouri, S. A. (2018). Building organizational resilience in the face of multiple disruptions. International Journal of Production Economics, 197, 63-83. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.12.009
Sesky, J. (2014). Why distributed leadership matters. CLEARvoz Journal,1(2), 33-38.
Sezen-Gültekin, G. (2019). Yükseköğretimde örgütsel körlük ve örgütsel sürdürülebilirlik arasındaki ilişkide örgütsel dayanıklılığın aracı rolü [The mediation role of organizational resilience in the relationship between organizational myopia and organizational sustainability in higher education]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
Shani, O. (2020). Organizational resilience: Antecedents, consequences, and practical implications for managers and change leaders. Noumair, D. A. & (Rami) Shani, A. B. (Eds.) In Research in Organizational Change and Development, pp. 127-158. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Singh, K. (2007). Quantitative social research methods. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Somers, S. (2009). Measuring resilience potential: An adaptive strategy for organizational crisis planning. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 17(1), 12-23.
Speier, C., & Frese, M. (1997). Generalized self efficacy as a mediator and moderator between control and complexity at work and personal initiative: A longitudinal field study in East Germany. Human Performance, 10(2), 171-192. doi: 10.1207/s15327043hup1002_7
Spillane, J. P. (2005). Distributed leadership. The Educational Forum, 69 (Winter), 143-150. doi: 10.1080/00131720508984678
Spillane, J. P., & Mertz, K. (2015). Distributed leadership. Oxford Bibliographies. doi: 10.1093/OBO/9780199756810-0123
Spillane, J. P., Halverson, R., & Diamond, J. B. (2001). Investigating school leadership practice: A distributed perspective. Educational Researcher, 30(3), 23-28.
Sun, A., & Xia, J. (2018). Teacher-perceived distributed leadership, teacher self-efficacy and job satisfaction: A multilevel SEM approach using the 2013 TALIS data. International Journal of Educational Research, 92, 86-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ijer.2018.09.006
Sutcliffe, K. M., & Vogus, T. J. (2003). Organizing for resilience. In Positive Organizational Scholarship, K. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, R. E. Quinn, (Eds), pp. 94-110, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar [Structural equation modeling: Basic concepts and applications]. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları [Turkish Psychological Articles], 3(6), 49-74.
Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş: Temel ilkeler ve LISREL uygulamaları [Introduction to structural equation modeling: Basic principles and LISREL applications]. Ankara: Ekinoks Publishing.
Taşkın, S. (2016). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel destek ve örgütsel özdeşleşme düzeyleri ile insiyatif iklimi arasındaki ilişki [Relationship between teacher views on levels of organizational support-organizational identification and climate of initiative]. Unpublished master's thesis, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
Taylor, J. L. (2013). The power of resilience: A theoretical model to empower, encourage and retain teachers. The Qualitative Report, 18(70), 1-25.
Teixeira, E. D. O., & Werther, W. B. (2013). Resilience: Continuous renewal of competitive advantages. Business Horizons, 56(3), 333-342. doi: 10.1016/j.bushor.2013.01.009
Tengblad, S., & Oudhuis, M. (2018). Conclusions: The resilience framework summarized. In S. Tengblad & M. Oudhuis (Eds.), The Resilience Framework (pp. 233-248). Springer: Singapore.
Teo, W. L., Lee, M., & Lim, W-S. (2017). The relational activation of resilience model: How leadership activates resilience in an organizational crisis. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 25, 136-147. doi: 10.1111/1468-5973.12179
Tillement, S., Cholez, C., & Reverdy, T. (2009). Assessing organizational resilience: An interactionist approach. Management, 12(4), 230-264.
Timperley, H. S. (2005). Distributed leadership: Developing theory from practice. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 37(4), 395-420. doi: 10.1080/00220270500038545
Torres, D. G. (2019). Distributed leadership, professional collaboration, and teachers’ job satisfaction in US schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 79, 111-123. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2018.12.001
UNICEF (2015). Education and resilience: Nine priority paths for making schools safer and societies more cohesive. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/UNICEF_Education-and-Resilience.pdf on 10.11.2020.
Uslu, B., & Beycioğlu, K. (2013). İlköğretim okulu öğretmenlerinin örgütsel bağlılıkları ile müdürlerin paylaşılan liderlik davranışları arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between organizational commitments of elementary school teachers and the distributed leadership roles of principals]. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi [Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty], 32(2), 323-345.
Vogus, T. J., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2007). Organizational resilience: Towards a theory and research agenda. In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (pp. 3418-3422). IEEE.
Warr, P., & Fay, D. (2001). Age and personal initiative at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(3), 343-353. doi: 10.1080/13594320143000717
Weller, M., & Anderson, T. (2013). Digital resilience in higher education. European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning, 16(1), 53-66.
Yukl, G. (2018). Örgütlerde liderlik [Leadership in organizations] (Ç. Ed.: Ş. Çetin & R. Baltacı). Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
Zhang, R., & Liu, W. (2012). Organizational resilience perspective: Facilitating organizational adaptation analysis. In International Conference on Economics Marketing and Management, (pp. 55-59), IACSIT Press, Singapore.
Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206. doi: 10.1086/651257.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 İbrahim Limon, Ümit DİLEKÇİ, Sibel DEMİRER
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.